The parrotfish’s secret

In an experiment, researchers removed the cocoons from some parrotfish and left the others alone. Tiny parasitic crustaceans attacked the fish without cocoons much more often. The cocoon helps keep those parasites off the fish.

A translucent cocoon around a parrotfish.
The mucus cocoon reduced attacks by small parasitic crustaceans in the experiment with Chlorurus sordidus. © dive.explo360.fr — All rights reserved. Reproduction requires permission.
A scorpionfish motionless among rocks.
A scorpionfish can stay perfectly still while watching for prey. Look for other clues to tell whether a fish is asleep. © dive.explo360.fr — All rights reserved. Reproduction requires permission.

The puzzle of open eyes

Compare a scorpionfish lying in wait with a sleeping fish. Both can stay still. A sleeping fish generally responds less readily to a signal but can quickly become active again. You need more than stillness to tell whether a fish is asleep.

Three clues to compare

1

Activity

Movement decreases.
2

Responsiveness

A stronger signal may be needed to elicit a response.
3

Waking

The fish can become active again.

Does the zebrafish make up for lost sleep?

In some experiments, zebrafish sleep more once they can rest again after being kept awake. That extra sleep is called a rebound. It gives researchers a clue to how fish regulate sleep, and its size can depend on how the experiment is run.

Striped zebrafish among freshwater plants.
Zebrafish are freshwater fish. To study sleep, researchers track how the fish move and how readily they respond to signals. © dive.explo360.fr — All rights reserved. Reproduction requires permission.
Two schematic views of a young zebrafish’s nervous system.
Researchers can record a fish’s brain activity while it rests. The diagram illustrates slow discharges and the spread of neural activity. It does not depict an actual recording. © dive.explo360.fr — All rights reserved. Reproduction requires permission.

The night the brain gave up its secret

In 2019, researchers recorded activity in the brains of young zebrafish. They saw two patterns. In one, bursts of activity recurred slowly. In the other, activity spread like a wave. The patterns share some features with human sleep, and each has features of its own.

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